Take a look at this article to see more guidelines on the various MII standards. However, these other standards, particularly GMII/RGMII, use 125 MHz clock. In the last point, I've only mentioned MII and RMII, but there are other MII standards that are used in Ethernet routing with that have similar requirements. In RMII, a 50 MHz clock is used for both data rates. In MII, a 2.5 MHz clock is used for 10 Mbps data rates, while a 25 MHz clock is used for 100 Mbps. Clock: The final important element is a clock that is used to trigger signal transmit and receive functions between the MAC and the PHY.If a switch controller only includes limited PHY space for a specific port count, the port count can be expanded with a dedicated PHY chip. Again, this could be integrated into the switch controller. Physical layer (PHY): The next stage in Ethernet layout routing is the PHY. This is typically an integrated circuit that converts the digital data from the MAC into analog signals for transmission down copper or optical fiber.The MAC provides control over determining destination addressing, sends along its own address to receive data, and duplexes and assembles data into packets for transmission to another device. For high port count switches there are dedicated controller ICs for this function. Medium access control (MAC): The MAC is typically integrated into the processor of the device (FPGA, ASIC, MCU, or other component), or it may be present as a standalone controller.Within the IEEE 802 standards, Ethernet devices contain three primary elements, all of which must be routed together in a specific manner: High-level Ethernet Layout, Routing, and Architecture The overall architecture for creating Ethernet-capable devices is deceptively simple, but certain rules should be followed to ensure signal integrity. Thankfully, Ethernet routing standards make it easy for designers to create everything from complex networking equipment to single-board computers for any application. Ethernet over copper is likely part of the backbone of your office building’s networking infrastructure.